To investigate this tri-trophic interaction further, we then assessed the efficiency of C. sexta, the parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata, showed that parasitoids preferentially chose herbivore-damaged domesticated pepper plants over their wild relative. Subsequent behavioral choice assays with one of the main natural enemies of M. Caterpillars performed equally well on the domesticated and wild pepper. glabriusculum, has not affected resistance to the insect herbivore, Manduca sexta (the tobacco hornworm). We present evidence that domestication of Capsicum annuum (the chili pepper) from its wild progenitor, Capsicum annuum var. This has been termed the plant domestication-reduced defense hypothesis. Plant breeding has improved traits such as fruit flavor and yield but may have compromised direct and indirect defenses to herbivores compared to their wild ancestors.
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